Jade jewelry for men is one of the most quietly powerful categories in contemporary menswear — and one of the most often misunderstood. Most Western men have not grown up with jade as part of their cultural vocabulary; many associate the stone primarily with women's jewelry. The reality is the opposite. For the majority of jade's 8,000-year history, men were the primary wearers — emperors, scholars, military officers, business owners, and artisans all wore jade as a marker of status, character, and personal identity. The current Western perception of jade as "feminine jewelry" is a modern misreading of a much longer tradition.
The trend is now turning. Over the past five to ten years, men's jade jewelry has been having a serious moment globally. Brands like William Henry, RTZN, and Mason-Kay have built entire menswear collections around jade. Streetwear and luxury menswear lines are incorporating jade pendants, beaded bracelets, and signet rings. Asian-American and Asian heritage menswear has reclaimed jade as part of cultural identity expression. Wellness-focused men have discovered jade as a counterweight to relentless modern intensity. The result is a category that is more vibrant, varied, and culturally significant than it has been in the West for a century.
I'm Hong, the founder of BMjade. Over nearly a decade between the Hpakant market in Myanmar and our Kunming workshop, I've watched the men's market grow from a small specialty into a meaningful portion of our customer base. The patterns are consistent: men who choose jade tend to choose it deliberately — for cultural reasons, for the symbolism, for the genuine pleasure of wearing something that feels heavier and more substantial than most modern jewelry. They wear it for years and decades, often expanding their collection over time.
This guide walks through everything: the history of men's jade across cultures, the symbolic meanings men particularly favor, every major category of men's jade jewelry (bracelets, pendants, rings, cufflinks, watch accessories, signet rings), color and stone selection considerations specific to men's wear, styling and pairing with other jewelry and clothing, and the wearing etiquette that has evolved across traditions. By the end, you'll know exactly how to choose, wear, and incorporate jade into a masculine wardrobe.
For the broader cultural context, see our complete guide to jade meaning across civilizations. For the master overview of pendant carvings men frequently choose, see the guide to 12 traditional jade pendant carvings.
The history — men were the primary jade wearers
To understand contemporary men's jade jewelry, you need to know that the current Western perception of jade as a women's stone is historically anomalous. Across the major jade-wearing cultures, men were the dominant wearers for most of recorded history.
Imperial China — jade as masculine authority
For more than 3,000 years of Chinese civilization, jade was the material of the emperor, the scholar, and the official. The five-clawed dragon — the imperial symbol — was carved into jade reserved exclusively for the emperor. Jade tablets functioned as imperial seals. Jade pieces marked the official ranks of court officials.
When Confucius (551–479 BCE) described the qualities a gentleman should embody, he compared them to the qualities of jade. The phrase "君子比德于玉" — "a gentleman compares his virtue to jade" — was written about men and was foundational to masculine self-cultivation in Chinese culture for over two millennia.
By the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799) had assembled the most significant imperial jade collection in history. The pieces were worn, used, and treasured by male emperors and their male court. The Empress Dowager Cixi a century later was a notable female jade enthusiast, but she was the exception, not the rule.
Across the Chinese diaspora and East Asia
Throughout Chinese cultural history — and across Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora communities — men wore jade as:
- Belt hooks and pendants indicating official rank and accomplishment
- Thumb rings carried by archers, military officers, and later by scholars as a marker of refinement
- Pectoral plaques and chest ornaments worn over robes
- Carved figures kept on the body as personal talismans
This continued essentially unbroken from the Bronze Age into the early 20th century. Older Chinese men today often remember their grandfathers' jade pieces — usually pendants, sometimes rings — as part of normal masculine attire.
Mesoamerican civilizations
The Maya, Olmec, and Aztec civilizations independently developed their own jade traditions, and these were also primarily male. Mayan kings wore jade ear flares (jade plugs through pierced ears), pectorals, and ceremonial masks. The famous death mask of K'inich Janaab' Pakal of Palenque is composed of fitted jadeite tiles. Olmec jade masks dated to roughly 1000 BCE rank among the most refined stone carvings ever made — and were worn by male rulers.
Māori New Zealand
Pounamu (the Māori term for nephrite jade) has been worn by Māori men for centuries, often in the form of hei-tiki pendants (figurative carvings worn around the neck), war clubs (mere pounamu), and adzes (toki). These were status objects passed across generations of warriors and chiefs.
What changed in Western perception
The shift to viewing jade as "women's jewelry" is essentially a 20th-century Western phenomenon, driven by several factors: the rise of diamond-centered Western marriage tradition that occupied the male engagement-ring slot; the post-war Western jewelry industry's focus on female consumers; the lack of cultural exposure to traditional Chinese male jade-wearing in Western markets; and the broader 20th-century Western tendency to gender-categorize jewelry more rigidly than other cultures historically did.
What we are seeing now — the resurgence of men's jade jewelry — is not a new trend. It is a return to a tradition that was always there, simply outside Western awareness.
For the deeper background on this cultural framework, see the master guide to jade meaning across civilizations.
What jade specifically symbolizes for men
The symbolic meanings men particularly draw from jade differ in emphasis (not in fundamental content) from women's jade traditions. Five themes are most prominent.
Strength and resilience under pressure
Jade's defining physical property is that it is tough — interlocking crystal structure resisting fracture far better than most gems including diamond. The symbolism is direct: a stone that holds together under stress, that doesn't break easily, that maintains integrity through impact. For men in demanding professional or personal situations, jade represents this kind of strength — not aggressive force, but the quieter strength of remaining intact under pressure.
Authority and quiet status
Jade marks status without showmanship. A fine jade bracelet visible at the cuff of a well-tailored sleeve communicates differently than gold chains or flashy watches — it signals taste, cultural depth, and the kind of confidence that doesn't need to announce itself. This is particularly resonant for men in senior professional roles or in cultural contexts where overt status display is considered crass.
Protection — including protection of business and family
The protective symbolism of jade has historically attracted men in roles requiring protection of others — military officers, fathers, business owners, leaders. A jade pendant or bracelet worn daily becomes a symbolic anchor of the wearer's protective role. The Chinese tradition that jade absorbs misfortune that would have struck the wearer — covered in our complete guide to jade meaning — applies equally and traditionally to male wearers.
Wisdom and the long view
Where younger masculine identity often emphasizes intensity and speed, mature masculine identity tends to value the long perspective, the patient accumulation of skill and judgment, the wisdom that develops across decades. Jade — formed over millennia, requiring patient craftsmanship, deepening in beauty across years of wearing — embodies this quality. Many men deepen their relationship with jade as they age, finding the stone increasingly aligned with the qualities they're developing.
Wealth and business success (the Pixiu tradition specifically)
The Pixiu wealth tradition, covered in depth in the complete Pixiu jade pendant guide, is overwhelmingly favored by men. Business owners, entrepreneurs, investors, and traders across Chinese-influenced markets regularly wear Pixiu pendants and bracelets as part of standard professional jewelry. This is not a fringe practice — it is a major business culture norm across Greater China, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and increasingly in Western finance and business circles.
Men's jade jewelry categories — what to wear
Men's jade jewelry spans a wider range of forms than is commonly recognized. Each category serves different aesthetic and symbolic purposes.
Jade bracelets and beaded wrist pieces
The most accessible men's jade jewelry category. Two main forms:
Beaded jade bracelets — strings of jade beads (typically 8mm to 15mm) worn around the wrist on adjustable knotted cords or stretchy elastic. The most popular men's jade format globally. Beaded bracelets are versatile (stack with watches, pair with leather and metal cuffs), come in widely varying price tiers, and read as masculine across cultural contexts.
The beads can be all jade (single material), jade combined with other materials (wooden beads, metal spacers, lava stone, obsidian, tiger's eye), or jade interspersed with carved feature beads (Pixiu, dragon, lotus shapes).
Solid jade bangles for men — less common than for women but available, particularly in larger diameters (60mm+ internal diameter) and in darker masculine colors (black, dark green, dark Hetian nephrite). Worn singly or stacked with leather and metal pieces.
For specific guidance on choosing and sizing jade bracelets, see our comprehensive bangle sizing and selection guide.
Jade pendants — chest-worn
The most symbolically significant category for men's jade. Pendants are visible (when worn over the shirt or open at the collar) or private (worn beneath the shirt for personal symbolic meaning). Major design types:
Carved figurative pendants — Pixiu (most popular for men), dragon, Buddha (the Laughing Buddha tradition has strong masculine following), Guan Yin (for Buddhist male practitioners and caregivers), various symbolic animals (tiger, eagle, horse). For the full carving overview, see the master guide to 12 traditional pendant carvings.
Pi disc pendants — flat circular jade discs (also called bi discs), one of the oldest and most masculine jade forms. The minimalist circular shape is recognized in Chinese tradition but reads as modern and abstract in Western contexts. Particularly favored by men preferring understated jewelry. See the complete Ping An Kou (peace buckle) guide — the smaller peace buckle is a related but distinct form.
Carved seal pendants — jade pendants resembling traditional Chinese name seals (with carved characters), worn on chains as a hybrid of historical artifact and modern jewelry. Particularly meaningful for men with Chinese heritage or those drawn to the calligraphic tradition.
Chain choices — leather cord (most masculine and contemporary), woven cord (traditional), silver or stainless steel chain (modern), gold chain (formal/luxury). The chain choice significantly affects how the pendant reads stylistically.
Jade rings — masculine forms
Jade rings for men have specific design considerations:
Solid jade band rings — a complete ring carved from a single piece of jade, no metal involved. The most traditional Chinese masculine ring form. Striking, conversation-starting, and deeply symbolic. Better suited as occasional-wear or wedding bands than as everyday rings for men with high-impact lifestyles, since impact can crack solid jade bands.
Signet-style jade rings — a jade stone (typically a substantial cabochon or carved piece) set in a signet-ring style metal mounting. Reads as modern men's jewelry while incorporating traditional symbolism. Often features carved jade with dragons, characters, or family-crest-equivalent symbols.
Wedding bands — increasingly chosen by men for wedding rings, either as solid jade bands or as metal bands with jade inlay. Particularly popular when paired with a female partner wearing a jade engagement ring. For the engagement ring framework, see our complete jade engagement ring guide.
Thumb rings (historical revival) — broad rings traditionally worn on the thumb, dating to archer's rings used in Chinese military and noble culture. Less commonly worn today but appearing in revival contexts and Asian-American cultural fashion.
For ring sizing and care guidance, see the complete jade ring sizing guide.
Jade cufflinks
A growing men's jade category, particularly for formal and professional wear. Jade cufflinks integrate jade into business and formal wardrobes in a refined way:
- Polished jade cabochon cufflinks — clean, formal, suitable for daily business wear
- Carved jade cufflinks — featuring traditional symbols, more distinctive
- Multi-color or unique-stone cufflinks — pairs where each cufflink showcases different but complementary jade pieces
Cufflinks are particularly recommended for men in formal professional settings who want to incorporate jade without making it a primary jewelry statement.
Tie pins, tie clips, and lapel pins
Less common but available — jade incorporated into traditional men's formal accessories. Particularly meaningful for Asian-heritage formal occasions (weddings, family ceremonies, business gatherings).
Watch accessories — jade watch beads
A specific niche: jade beads incorporated into watch bracelets or worn as wrist accessories alongside watches. Pairs jade with mechanical watch culture in a uniquely masculine combination.
Beads for prayer and meditation (mala beads)
Traditional Buddhist prayer beads (mala) often incorporate jade. Men practicing meditation, Buddhism, or contemplative traditions sometimes wear mala-style jade bracelets — typically 108 small beads worn around the wrist or carried separately. This crosses with the broader jewelry category but serves specific spiritual practice.
Color selection for men's jade
Men's jade color preferences differ noticeably from women's tendencies, though no color is exclusively "masculine" or "feminine."
Most popular men's jade colors
Black jade and very dark green — the most assertively masculine choice. Dark jade reads as confident, grounded, and protective. Particularly popular in business contexts and for men wanting jade that integrates with traditional menswear (black suits, leather, metal). The deep gravity of black jade matches well with mature masculine style.
Hetian white nephrite (mutton-fat) — the most traditional Chinese masculine jade. Refined, scholarly, restrained. Particularly favored by older men and men in cultural-heritage contexts. Reads as classical rather than contemporary.
Apple green and deep green jadeite — versatile choices that work across casual and formal contexts. Apple green especially is the entry-level "men's jade" choice for those wanting jade without too dramatic a statement.
Imperial green jadeite — the prestige choice. Often chosen for special pieces (wedding rings, milestone pendants) rather than casual daily wear, given the price tier. When worn confidently, imperial green communicates significant cultural and financial sophistication.
Less common but distinctive men's jade colors
Yellow / honey jadeite — increasingly chosen by men in fashion-forward contexts. Warm tones pair particularly well with gold metals and brown leather.
Multi-color / floating-flower jade — for men with collector instincts or specifically distinctive style. Single pieces with multiple natural colors are inherently unique.
Lavender and pale colors — uncommon but appearing in modern men's jade fashion. Reads as deliberately non-conventional for men confident enough to wear softer colors.
Colors to be cautious with
Bright apple green in larger pieces can read as too informal for serious professional contexts. Pair size and color carefully.
Pink or strongly feminine pastels — rarely chosen by men outside specifically fashion-forward contexts.
For the complete color framework, see our deep dive into jade colors and their meanings.
How to wear and style jade jewelry as a man
Wearing jade well as a man requires attention to context, pairing, and intentional choice. Several practical principles apply.
Pairing with clothing
With formal wear (suits, business attire):
- Jade cufflinks are the most natural integration
- A discreet jade pendant worn beneath the shirt (not visible at the collar) for personal symbolic meaning
- A jade bracelet worn under the cuff — visible only when the sleeve moves
- A jade signet ring on the right hand (or, less traditionally, the left)
With business casual:
- Jade beaded bracelet visible at the wrist alongside a watch
- A pendant worn over a polo shirt or beneath an open-collar shirt
- A jade ring on a daily-wear finger
With casual wear:
- Multiple beaded bracelets stacked
- Pendant worn openly with t-shirt or henley
- More elaborate or distinctive pieces
With evening wear / formal events:
- The most significant single piece (pendant or signet ring) worn with intention
- Pair with high-end watch and minimal other jewelry to avoid clutter
Pairing with other jewelry
With a watch — jade beaded bracelet next to a watch on the same or opposite wrist is the most popular pairing. The combination reads as deliberate and refined.
With wedding band — solid jade ring on one hand, metal wedding band on the other, or jade ring on the right hand with wedding band on the left. Avoid wearing multiple competing rings on the same hand.
With chains — pendant on a chain alongside other neck-worn jewelry is acceptable but requires careful curation. Avoid over-layering.
With leather accessories — jade pairs particularly well with leather watches, leather cord bracelets, and leather belt details. The natural materials complement each other.
What to avoid
- Over-layering — multiple jade pieces stacked carelessly read as confused rather than intentional. Curate the combination.
- Mixing with extremely bright or competing gemstones — jade has subtle tonality that's overwhelmed by louder stones.
- Wearing jade carelessly with damage — chipped or visibly damaged jade pieces should be repaired or retired rather than continued in regular rotation.
- Treated jade for any serious purpose — Type B and Type C jade degrade visibly within years, making them unsuitable for jewelry meant to be worn long-term and develop personal patina.
Cultural considerations for men's jade wear
The cultural dimension of men's jade jewelry deserves particular attention.
For Asian-heritage men
Jade jewelry can serve as a connection to cultural identity that has been disrupted or partially lost in Western diaspora contexts. Asian-American men, Asian-Australian men, Asian-European men increasingly choose jade as part of reclaiming heritage. The pieces often become conversation starters with family elders and bridges to deeper cultural learning.
Specific gifts of jade from grandparents, parents, or family members carry special weight in this context — heirloom Pixiu pendants, Pi discs, or pendants with family meaning passed across generations.
For non-Asian men
Jade can be worn respectfully without Chinese or Asian heritage. The key principle: approach the stone with awareness of its meaning rather than treating it as exotic decoration. Specifically:
- Know what the carving means. A non-Asian man wearing a Pixiu pendant should understand what the creature represents and why he chose it.
- Treat the piece with cultural weight. Storage, presentation, and the way you talk about the piece should reflect that you're engaging with a tradition, not just buying a cool-looking stone.
- Avoid mixing with overtly competing cultural symbols. A Buddha pendant paired with a cross necklace, for example, can read as religious confusion. Different from a Pixiu pendant paired with a metal cuff, which is purely aesthetic combination.
- Be cautious with specifically religious figures. Wearing Buddha or Guan Yin (both Buddhist religious figures) without engagement with Buddhism is more sensitive than wearing Pixiu (a mythological figure with cultural rather than religious specificity) or generic Pi disc forms.
For the complete cultural respect framework, see our jade Buddha pendant guide and the Guan Yin compassion pendant guide, which both address cross-cultural wearing specifically.
In professional and business contexts
Jade jewelry in business settings carries specific meaning:
In Asian business contexts (China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, Korea), well-chosen jade jewelry communicates cultural fluency and personal seriousness. A Pixiu bracelet on a businessman in Hong Kong reads as a serious commitment to wealth attraction and business protection.
In Western business contexts, jade is increasingly recognized as sophisticated rather than exotic. Younger executives and creatives wear it confidently in business settings; older Western executives may still find it unfamiliar but rarely object.
In cross-cultural business, wearing jade can communicate cultural awareness to Asian counterparts in a positive way — particularly Pixiu pieces in financial industries, Pi disc pendants in scholarly or academic contexts.
Pricing for men's jade jewelry
Realistic 2026 pricing ranges for men's jade jewelry across categories:
Beaded jade bracelets:
- Entry: $80-300 (modest grade, simple cord, often mid-quality jade)
- Mid: $300-1,500 (good Type A jade beads, quality cord and metalwork)
- High: $1,500-8,000+ (fine Type A jade, often carved feature beads, premium materials)
Solid jade bangles for men:
- Entry: $200-600 (darker colors, modest material grade)
- Mid: $600-3,000 (better translucency and color, daily wear quality)
- High: $3,000-15,000+ (fine to imperial-grade material)
Jade pendants:
- Entry: $100-400 (smaller pendants, simple Pi disc or modest carvings)
- Mid: $400-2,500 (well-carved Pixiu, Buddha, dragon, or significant Pi discs)
- High: $2,500-15,000+ (master-carved figures, fine material)
Jade rings:
- Entry: $200-800 (modest pieces, often silver metalwork)
- Mid: $800-3,000 (quality Type A stones, 18K gold settings)
- High: $3,000-25,000+ (fine to imperial stones, master craftsmanship)
- Solid jade band rings: typically $400-3,000 depending on material
Jade cufflinks:
- Entry: $200-500
- Mid: $500-2,500
- High: $2,500-8,000+
For pricing context across the full jade jewelry market, see our complete 2026 jade price guide.
How to think about budget
For men's first jade pieces, the mid-tier range ($300-1,500 depending on category) typically delivers genuine Type A material with appropriate quality for daily wear. Below this tier, finding authentic certified material becomes difficult; above it, you're entering investment-grade territory.
A common entry pattern: start with a Type A jade beaded bracelet ($300-800), develop appreciation for the material across months of wearing, then expand into pendant or ring categories as the relationship deepens. Many serious male jade wearers eventually own pieces across multiple categories.
Caring for men's jade jewelry
The active lifestyles of many male jade wearers mean care considerations matter even more than for women's pieces.
Daily care
- Remove before high-impact activities — workouts, contact sports, manual labor, intensive kitchen work
- Remove before swimming — pool chlorine and saltwater damage jade and metalwork
- Avoid contact with cleaning chemicals, solvents, aftershave — these can affect the polish
- Be mindful in mechanical work — automotive, woodworking, gardening — impact and abrasive materials are jade's main enemies
Routine cleaning
- Wipe gently after wearing with a soft slightly damp cloth
- Monthly: brief soak in mild soapy water (gentle dish soap, lukewarm), rinse, dry thoroughly
- Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh jewelry chemicals
- Have settings checked annually by a jeweler — particularly for bracelets with stretch cords (replace regularly) and ring settings
Storage
- Soft pouch or padded box when not worn
- Separated from other jewelry to prevent scratching
- Avoid prolonged direct sunlight (over years, can affect some jade colors)
- For beaded bracelets, store flat rather than tangled
For piece-specific care: the jade bracelet care guide, the jade necklace care guide, and the jade ring care guide.
What to do if a piece is damaged
A broken or chipped jade piece in Chinese tradition is considered to have "absorbed" misfortune that would have struck the wearer. Damaged pieces are typically not discarded:
- Solid jade bracelets and rings that crack — wrap in red cloth and keep as honored protective pieces; acquire new pieces for ongoing wear
- Pendants that chip — can sometimes be repaired by a skilled jade carver; otherwise honor as having served their protective function
- Damaged beads in beaded bracelets — easy to replace individual beads; the bracelet continues in service
For repair guidance, see the jade necklace repair guide and the jade ring repair guide.
Frequently asked questions
Is jade jewelry appropriate for men?
Absolutely. For most of jade's 8,000-year history, men were the primary wearers — emperors, scholars, officials, businessmen, and military officers all wore jade as a marker of status and character. The current Western perception of jade as "feminine" is a 20th-century cultural anomaly. Today, men's jade jewelry is one of the fastest-growing categories in fine men's jewelry globally.
What kind of jade jewelry do men typically wear?
The most popular categories are: beaded jade bracelets (most accessible), jade pendants on leather or metal chains (most symbolically meaningful), solid jade bangles in darker colors, jade signet rings, jade wedding bands, and jade cufflinks for formal wear. Each category serves different aesthetic and symbolic purposes.
Can a non-Asian man wear jade?
Yes, with awareness. Jade has been valued by multiple civilizations independently — Chinese, Mesoamerican, Māori, and others — and is not culturally exclusive. What matters is approaching the stone with respect: knowing what the symbolism means, choosing pieces with intention, and treating the jewelry with appropriate cultural weight. Most Asian cultural traditions welcome respectful non-Asian wearers.
What's the best color jade for men?
Most popular: dark green, black, Hetian white nephrite, and apple green. Darker colors read as more traditionally masculine; white nephrite carries classical scholarly weight; apple green works as a versatile everyday choice. Imperial green is the prestige option for significant pieces. Lavender and yellow are less traditional but increasingly worn by men with confident fashion sensibilities.
Can I wear jade with my watch?
Yes — this is one of the most popular ways men incorporate jade into masculine style. A jade beaded bracelet worn on the same wrist as a watch, or on the opposite wrist, reads as intentional and refined. The combination pairs the natural organic quality of jade with the mechanical precision of fine watches in a deliberately contrasting way.
Are jade engagement rings appropriate for men to give?
Yes, and increasingly chosen as alternatives to diamond engagement rings. For the complete framework on jade as an engagement choice, see our jade engagement ring guide. Many couples choose paired jade rings — a more delicate piece for the female partner, a substantial masculine piece for the male partner.
What's the most masculine jade carving?
Most traditionally masculine: dragon (imperial authority, power), Pixiu (wealth and business protection — overwhelmingly favored by men), tiger and other strong animal figures, and Pi discs (minimalist circular form). Less traditionally masculine but acceptable: Buddha (particularly for men working through emotional or contemplative practice), peace buckles (Ping An Kou), and abstract or geometric forms.
Should men wear jade beneath or above clothing?
Both are traditional. Beneath the shirt is more private and personal — the jade rests directly against the skin (which traditional Chinese culture explicitly values), and the meaning is between the wearer and the stone rather than displayed. Above the shirt is more public statement — the jade visible at the collar or with open shirt, signaling style and cultural awareness. Either is correct; choose based on personal preference and context.
How do I clean and care for men's jade jewelry?
Wipe gently with a soft slightly damp cloth after wearing. Monthly cleaning: brief soak in mild soapy water, rinse, dry thoroughly. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, harsh chemicals, and prolonged hot water. Remove before showering, swimming, strenuous activities, and contact with abrasive materials. Have ring settings and bracelet cord checked annually by a jeweler.
Where can I find authentic men's jade jewelry?
For authentic Type A Burmese jadeite men's jewelry across categories — bracelets, pendants, rings, cufflinks, in darker masculine colors and traditional forms — NGTC certified and hand-finished in our Kunming workshop, see the BMjade jewelry collection. We can also commission custom men's pieces for specific design requirements or wedding bands.
Conclusion
Men's jade jewelry has been returning to the prominence it held for most of human history. For men joining that return now — whether through cultural heritage, fashion appreciation, or symbolic resonance — the timing is right. Choose pieces that match your personal style and intention, wear them consistently, and let the relationship with jade develop over years of wearing. If you have specific questions about choosing men's jade pieces — including custom commissioning for unique designs — email me directly at jadeworldchina@outlook.com — Hong.
